1
Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vietnam
2
University of Warwick, United Kingdom
10.30466/ijltr.2026.57673.3493
Abstract
English increasingly circulates across diverse linguistic contexts, yet little is known about how informal exposure relates to pre-service teachers’ Global Englishes (GE) awareness. This sequential explanatory mixed-methods study examined survey data from 271 third- and fourth-year students across seven Vietnamese universities using Spearman correlations and Kruskal–Wallis tests; nine follow-up interviews were analysed thematically. Participants reported frequent exposure through digital media, employment, and intercultural communication, although British and American English remained dominant. Exposure correlated positively with acceptance of local English (rₛ = 0.524), acceptance of other Englishes (rₛ = 0.384), confidence in English as a lingua franca (ELF) communication (rₛ = 0.637), ELF communication intention (rₛ = 0.567), and willingness to incorporate Global Englishes Language Teaching (rₛ = 0.429), but not with lower native-speakerism (rₛ = 0.015). Profile comparisons showed the same pattern. Interviews indicated that interactive, socially embedded encounters strengthened communicative confidence and acceptance of variation, whereas textbooks, assessment, employment practices, and stakeholder expectations preserved the authority of British and American norms. These findings reveal bounded pluralism: informal exposure was linked more readily to communicative openness and pedagogical willingness than to transformed language ideology. Teacher education should therefore combine diverse encounters with critical reflection and practical support for GE-informed pedagogy.
Tran, T., Mai, V., & Do, K. (2026). Informal Exposure and Global Englishes Awareness: A Sequential Mixed-Methods Study of Vietnamese Pre-Service Teachers. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 14(3 (Special Issue)), 169-193. doi: 10.30466/ijltr.2026.57673.3493
MLA
Tan Thanh Tran; Van Ngoc Tuong Mai; Khoa Do. "Informal Exposure and Global Englishes Awareness: A Sequential Mixed-Methods Study of Vietnamese Pre-Service Teachers", Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 14, 3 (Special Issue), 2026, 169-193. doi: 10.30466/ijltr.2026.57673.3493
HARVARD
Tran, T., Mai, V., Do, K. (2026). 'Informal Exposure and Global Englishes Awareness: A Sequential Mixed-Methods Study of Vietnamese Pre-Service Teachers', Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 14(3 (Special Issue)), pp. 169-193. doi: 10.30466/ijltr.2026.57673.3493
VANCOUVER
Tran, T., Mai, V., Do, K. Informal Exposure and Global Englishes Awareness: A Sequential Mixed-Methods Study of Vietnamese Pre-Service Teachers. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 2026; 14(3 (Special Issue)): 169-193. doi: 10.30466/ijltr.2026.57673.3493
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